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Proposal即開(kāi)題報(bào)告，是留學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文中比較重要的一部分，但對(duì)于大部分同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)都很苦惱，不知道如何給論文選題。

一個(gè)好的論文選題本身就能節(jié)省我們大量的時(shí)間，在說(shuō)明畢業(yè)論文的proposal的寫(xiě)作方法之前，班長(zhǎng)先帶大家來(lái)看一下它是什么，包含哪些部分。

簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，proposal就是論文寫(xiě)作的預(yù)演，具體包含以下部分：

● Introduction(簡(jiǎn)介)

● Problem Statement(問(wèn)題陳述)

● Objective(目的)

● Literature Review(文獻(xiàn)綜述)

● Methodology(研究方法)

● References(參考文獻(xiàn))

接下來(lái)班長(zhǎng)就按順序介紹這幾個(gè)部分是什么以及如何寫(xiě)作。

1. Introduction(簡(jiǎn)介)

Introduction這個(gè)部分相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，你只需要說(shuō)明以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

你的研究領(lǐng)域是什么?

你為什么要選擇這個(gè)領(lǐng)域?

你的研究對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域有多重要?

最后可能還需要描述這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的一些基本事實(shí)，這里你要引述其他研究人員的成果，舉個(gè)例子：

Ideally, these detailed schedules should reflect actual field conditions andprovide field personnel with operation instructions free of constraints andconflicts (Hinze，2008).

2. Problem Statement(問(wèn)題陳述)

介紹完你的研究領(lǐng)域以后，現(xiàn)在需要描述在研究領(lǐng)域中你要解決的具體問(wèn)題，不過(guò)你不能上來(lái)就說(shuō)問(wèn)題是什么。

下面我們用一個(gè)實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明：

The importance of developing a constraint-free and reliable workplan has long been recognized by the industry.(業(yè)界早已認(rèn)識(shí)到制定無(wú)限制且可靠的工作計(jì)劃的重要性。)

在這個(gè)問(wèn)題陳述中，作者并沒(méi)有上來(lái)先說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，而是先肯定了某個(gè)對(duì)象在研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的重要性：

However, numerous construction projects are still plagued by delays and cost overruns, which can frequently be traced to ineffective identification and treatment ofconstraints.(但是，許多建設(shè)項(xiàng)目仍然受到延誤和成本超支的困擾，這經(jīng)常可以追溯到對(duì)約束的無(wú)效識(shí)別和處理)

然后話頭一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)明問(wèn)題仍舊沒(méi)有得到解決：

In summary, thereis a need for a better understanding of constraints in construction and astructured approach in identifying and modeling constraints to ensure aconstraint-free work plan.(總而言之，有必要更好地理解施工中的限制因素并確定和建模約束的結(jié)構(gòu)化方法，以確保無(wú)約束的工作計(jì)劃。)

緊接著從兩方面敘述了問(wèn)題存在的原因，再敘述學(xué)術(shù)界長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)，從而自然而然的引出待解決的問(wèn)題。

有時(shí)候，我們也可以適當(dāng)?shù)陌褑?wèn)題具體化，把問(wèn)題分成幾條，更清晰。

3. Objective(目的)

說(shuō)明了待解決的問(wèn)題，我們還要敘述我們的目的，目的實(shí)現(xiàn)后會(huì)達(dá)成什么狀態(tài)、產(chǎn)生什么好處、解決什么問(wèn)題?

同樣以例子來(lái)說(shuō)明：

The long term goal of the research is to develop a formalizedconstraint management system. Constraint management is defined herein asthe process of identifying, classifying, modeling, and resolving constraints.The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review ofliteratures and industry practices in relation to constraint analysis andoutline a conceptual framework for constraint management. Particularly, thestudy has the following sub-objectives:

To provide a comprehensive review of sources and characteristicsof constraints typically found in construction projects;

To develop a constraint classification method for easier constraintidentification and modeling;

To review current industry practices and researches in regards toconstraint modeling;

To outline a conceptual framework for total constraint management.

The result of this study will be valuable to the industry practitioners as wellas related software providers in developing better practice and tools forconstraint management and look-ahead scheduling.

作者在這里先是敘述了研究的長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，這一步同學(xué)們有則寫(xiě)，沒(méi)有的話就略過(guò)。

然后還對(duì)其中涉及的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行了解釋，：

Constraint management is defined herein asthe process of identifying, classifying, modeling, and resolving constraints.(約束管理在此定義為 識(shí)別，分類，建模和解決約束的過(guò)程。)

接著敘述研究目的：

The objective of the current study is to provide a comprehensive review ofliteratures and industry practices in relation to constraint analysis andoutline a conceptual framework for constraint management.(本研究的目的是提供有關(guān)約束分析的文獻(xiàn)和行業(yè)實(shí)踐的全面綜述，并概述約束管理的概念框架。)

這里作者也將整個(gè)目的分成了幾個(gè)子目標(biāo)，同學(xué)們同樣可以借鑒，最后別忘了說(shuō)明問(wèn)題得到解決后會(huì)怎樣。

4. Literature Review(文獻(xiàn)綜述)

文獻(xiàn)綜述，顧名思義就是對(duì)先前的有關(guān)研究做一個(gè)摘要，他們的研究對(duì)于問(wèn)題的解決是否有幫助?

同樣，以一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)：

A preliminary literature review shows that past studies are primarilyfocused on understanding and modeling a particular type of constraint, suchas technological, contractual, resource, spatial, and information constraints.Limited progress has been made on classifying various constraintsaccording to their characteristics in a comprehensive manner. In terms ofmodeling and resolving constraints, various approaches have beenrecommended. For example, many CPM-based methods are applied to dealwith time-related constraints; knowledge-based systems were used toautomate work plan generation; network-based optimization algorithmswere developed to resolve constraints; and databases and visualizationtechniques, such as 3D, 4D, and Virtual Reality (VR), are used tocommunicate and visualize constraints. What is missing from the paststudies is a comprehensive and structured approach in managing constraints.

作者一上來(lái)就對(duì)以前的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了概述，然后還列舉出了一些具體的方法，這些都是我們需要做的。

但重要的是后面，因?yàn)槲墨I(xiàn)綜述的目的不僅僅是對(duì)某一特定主題的大量期刊文章和書(shū)籍進(jìn)行概述，更重要的是了解已經(jīng)對(duì)該主題進(jìn)行了哪些研究，然后找出其中未曾得到解決或者方法不完善的問(wèn)題，我們的選題正是這些未曾解決的問(wèn)題。

就像例子中的一樣，作者表示以前的研究缺少的是一種綜合的方法，這與之前的問(wèn)題陳述部分形成對(duì)照。

What is missing from the past studies is a comprehensive and structured approach in managing constraints in construction projects.(過(guò)去的研究缺少的是一種用于管理建筑項(xiàng)目約束的綜合，結(jié)構(gòu)化的方法。)

5. Methodology(研究方法)

注意在研究方法部分，我們不是抽象的說(shuō)明定性研究還是定量研究的問(wèn)題，而是要說(shuō)明具體的方法和步驟。

還是同一篇proposal為例:

The primary research method for this study is literature review andconceptual modeling. Constraint identification and classification through astructured approach is the very first step toward a “zero-constraint”environment. This study will first review various types of constraints inconstruction and their characteristics. Based on this understanding, aclassification method will be developed to categorize constraint factors forthe purpose of constraint identification and modeling. In the second stage ofthis study, existing constraint modeling methods will be identified based ona comprehensive review of current industry practices and academicresearches. Finally, once the constraint classification and modelingtechniques are identified, a conceptual framework for total constraintmanagement will be outlined. This study will be conducted betweenSeptember 2010 and May 2011.

作者先概述了整個(gè)研究采用的方法：literature review and conceptual modeling(文獻(xiàn)綜述和概念建模)。然后分了三個(gè)階段來(lái)敘述實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，這里我們可以根據(jù)需要分成不同個(gè)步驟敘述。

研究方法部分由于論文的不同，形式比較多樣化，比如涉及到樣本數(shù)據(jù)的研究，我們還需要敘述樣本、數(shù)據(jù)收集以及數(shù)據(jù)分析程序的問(wèn)題。建議大家參考采用相同方法的文獻(xiàn)，看看其中的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法涉及到哪些步驟。

另外，視情況不同，有時(shí)候這里需要寫(xiě)上具體的時(shí)間安排。

6. References(參考文獻(xiàn))

參考文獻(xiàn)部分，也是整篇proposal比較簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)部分，大家只要將其中提到的文獻(xiàn)放上去即可，引用格式一般都是Harvard格式，關(guān)于Harvard格式學(xué)姐也會(huì)在后面的文章細(xì)說(shuō)。

不同學(xué)校的引用格式具體可能有細(xì)微的不同，大家也可以去各自學(xué)校官網(wǎng)查看，這里學(xué)姐放上曼大的查詢網(wǎng)站供大家參考：https://subjects.library.manchester.ac.uk/referencing/referencing-harvard

下方對(duì)于不同的引用對(duì)象都有規(guī)定，大家可以根據(jù)目錄進(jìn)行查看。

最后，在proposal的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，大家一定!一定!一定!要和自己的導(dǎo)師多進(jìn)行溝通，尤其是選題部分，可以咨詢導(dǎo)師topic是否合適。